The filters are needed to prevent the mixing of the excitation (strong) and fluorescing (weak) rays to sum at the sensor.
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To create a simple ICGA device, only a couple of filters are needed in addition to a proper camera and a light source, which can be quite small and suitable even for portable use. The principle of fluorescence imaging used in ICG angiography (ICGA) is simple: illuminate the tissue of interest with light at the excitation wavelength (about 750 to 800 nm) while observing it at longer emission wavelengths (over 800 nm Figure 4). ICG gives information about deeper lying blood veins because it operates in near infrared (NIR), in which tissues are much more translucent than in visual wavelengths. However, the objects of imaging, retinal layers, with fluorescein and ICG somewhat differ.
However, fluorescein operating in visual wavelengths has been much more popular in retinal angiography partly because it is visible without any electronic cameras. Indocyanine green has been used for decades in ophthalmology for imaging retinal blood vessels, that is, in retinal angiography. This means, among other things, that a lot of computing development work is still needed for a broader acceptance of various emerging ICG-based medical imaging methods. From an engineering point of view, image and video processing seems to be among the main areas in which ICG imaging (ICGI) has potential for major developments, for example, for analysis of ICG fluorescence dynamics (cf. Thus, ICG is well known in its established clinical applications, which greatly facilitates its introduction to new applications. This is especially true for indocyanine green (ICG) imaging in its new clinical applications recently proposed in various branches of surgical medicine, although it has been used in some clinical applications routinely already for almost sixty years. Figure 4) (ii) high sensitivity: extremely small concentrations can often be made visible (iii) Gives molecular information: makes some (bio) chemistry spatially and temporally visible (iv) great tools for research: several possible imaging modes, most of which are unique (v) cheap: the optical instrumentation and computing needed are quite simple (vi) easy to use: resembles classical staining.įluorescent imaging is a relatively recent imaging method and thus still developing in many ways. The benefits of FI include (i) high contrast, that is, signal to noise ratio (SNR): only the target, not background, is visible because separate wavelengths are used for illumination and recording (cf. In addition to the surgicalĪpplications, other recent medical applications of ICG are brieflyįluorescence Imaging (FI) is one of the most popular imaging modes in biomedical sciences for the visualisation of cells and tissues both in vitro and in vivo. Technique in clinical setting are reviewed. Green fluorescence imaging methods, the basics of the technology,Īnd instrumentation used.
The recent surgical intraoperational applications of indocyanine The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of
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